Everything about Sociology Of Gender totally explained
Sociology of gender is a prominent subfield of
sociology. Since
1950 an increasing part of the academic literature, and of the public discourse uses
gender for the perceived or projected (
self-identified)
masculinity or
femininity of a person. The terms was introduced by Money (1955):
» “The term
gender role is used to signify all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself/herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman, respectively. It includes, but isn't restricted to, sexuality in the sense of eroticism.”
A person's
gender is complex, encompassing countless characteristics of appearance, speech, movement and other factors not solely limited to
biological sex.
Societies tend to have gender systems in which everyone is categorized as
male or
female, but this isn't universal. Some societies include a third gender role; for instance, the Native American
Two-Spirit people and the
hijras of India.
There is debate over to what extent gender is a
social construct and to what extent it's a biological
construct.
In feminist theory
Masculine/Feminine or Human, the author uses “innate gender” and “learned sex roles“, but in the 1978 edition, the use of
sex and
gender is reversed. By
1980, most feminist writings had agreed on using
gender only for socioculturally adapted traits.
Other languages
In English, both
sex and
gender are used in contexts where they couldn't be substituted (sexual intercourse; anal sex; safe sex; sex worker; sex slave). Other languages, like
German, use the same word
Geschlecht to refer both to grammatical gender and to biological sex, making the distinction between
sex and
gender advocated by some anthropologists difficult. In some contexts, German has adopted the English loan-word
gender to achieve this distinction. Sometimes 'Geschlechtsidentitaet' is used as gender (although it literally means
gender identity) and 'Geschlecht' as sex (translation of
Judith Butler's
Gender Trouble). More common is the use of modifiers:
biologisches Geschlecht for
sex,
Geschlechtsidentität for
gender identity and
Geschlechterrolle for
gender role etc.
Further Information
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